Additionally, heritable or inheritable behaviors that are often regarded as abnormal, such as hyperactivity, eccentricity , absentmindedness, or homosexuality are not disorders but natural variations of behavior.
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This work was supported by Janssen Pharmaceutical Colombia. + Corresponding author. Fax: + 57-4-262.5508 Received 6 March 1996 Accepted 9 July 1996.
Xybutynin is often considered to be the "gold standard" drug in the treatment of patients with an unstable bladder. It is both clinically effective and cost-effective, but its use is often limited by adverse effects. However, it is still usual for this drug to be the first-line treatment for this condition, for instance, tacrolimus assay.
Particularly important with the high rates of polypharmacy among patients taking statins. The majority of interactions that result in myotoxicity occur with medications metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 CYP ; 3A4 enzyme system and with fibrates, particularly gemfibrozil. The likelihood of interactions depends upon the type of statin used, as there are recognized differences in the metabolism of these drugs, which collectively contribute to a class effect. CYP3A4 is the predominant isoform for metabolism of lovastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin. Cerivastatin is metabolized by both 2C8 and 3A4. Fluvastatin primarily uses the 2C9 isoform, and pravastatin is unique among the statins in that it is not metabolized by CYP.30 Given these differences in metabolism, drug-drug interactions are less frequently reported with fluvastatin or pravastatin, but these agents also appear to be less potent than other statins20, 34 Figure ; , which limits their use in some patients. Many medications are metabolized via the CYP3A4 enzyme system, increasing the likelihood of drug-drug interactions.35 Clinicians should be cautious, therefore, when prescribing statins in patients taking drugs such as macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin ; , antifungal azoles, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine, tacrolimus ; , protease inhibitors, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers diltiazem, verapamil ; , amiodarone, warfarin, and even oral contraceptives. The interaction between statins and warfarin anticoagulants causes a small increase in the anticoagulant effect that may warrant a reduction in.
Children 2 years and over: 0.03% TWICE daily reducing to ONCE daily. Adults: 0.1% TWICE daily for 3 weeks reducing to the 0.03% strength. Infection at treatment site, UV light avoid excessive exposure ; , do not apply other topical agents within 2 hours. Hypersensitivity to tacrolimus or its excipients includes beeswax ; , avoid contact with the eyes and mucous membranes, application under occlusion, congenital epidermal barrier defects, generalized erythroderma, pregnancy and breast feeding. Burning or tingling sensations, pruritis, erythema, folliculitis, acne, herpes simplex infection, increased sensitivity to hot and cold, alcohol intolerance, lymphadenopathy has been reported. None currently known and pantoprazole.
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Tacrolimus, at oral doses of 2 mg kg during organogenesis in rats, was associated with maternal toxicity and caused an increase in late resorptions, decreased numbers of live births, and decreased pup weight and viability and pentoxifylline.
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Bari, Kadam, Jaiswal &Shirkhedkar Peroxides- that can oxidize some drugs Metals- which can catalyze oxidation of drugs and the degradation pathway Leachable or Extractables- can come from glass, rubber stoppers, and plastic packaging materials. Metal oxides such as NaO2, SiO2, CaO, MgO, are the major components leached extracted from glass [32]. Generally most synthetic materials contain leachable oligomers monomers, vulcanizing agents, accelerators, plasticizers, and antioxidants [33]. Some examples of leachable extractables from synthetic materials include styrene from polystyrene, [34] diethylhexylphalate DEHP, plasticizer in PVC ; , [35] dioctyltin isooctylmercaptoacetate stabilizer for PVC ; , [36] zinc stearate stabilizer in PVC and polypropylene ; , [37] 2-mercaptobenzothiazole accelerator in rubber stopper ; , [38] and furfural from rayon [39]. These impurities are needed to be analyzed by using different analytical methods.
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Chemically, tacrolimus is designated as , 4 s * , 26a r * ]] -5, 6, 8, 11, -14, 16-dimethoxy-4, 10, 12, ; -15, 19-epoxy-3h-pyrido oxaazacyclotricosine-1, 7, 20, 21 ; -tetrone, monohydrate.
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System that focuses on minimizing other environmental impacts as much as possible. For example, the straw bedding is made from small grains straw. Small grains such as barley and oats reduce soil erosion while naturally breaking up pest cycles in crop rotations. Between batches of pigs, the Wilsons push the straw bedding, which is now mixed with manure, out of the buildings for further composting. That compost is later used to fertilize the crops the family raises on 800 acres of farmland. Studies show composed manure improves soil quality while cutting erosion rates. And all of this is part of a diverse farming operation that supports two families. That's why Niman Ranch has as part of its criteria that the hogs are raised by independent family farmers using humane methods. The Midwest Food Alliance, a sustainable seal of approval developed by the Land Stewardship Project and Cooperative Development Services, has similar stipulations. Niman's Willis says that consumers respond to the idea that their meat is being raised by family farmers who are treating the animals well. However, there's something even more practical behind the criteria: Food writers for such respected publications as the New York Times have raved about the outstanding taste of Niman pork. And it's quality based on well-rounded sustainable production that will keep consumers coming back even when the factory farm producers figure out how to cut drugs. "Our criteria are good welfare, antibiotic-free and family farmer raised, " says Willis. "In combination these things happen to produce a good tasting product. I think it's more than a coincidence.
In the light of this uncertainty, it may be prudent to adopt the bnf recommendation that non-hormonal contraception should be chosen by women taking tacrolimus as a first line option and progesterone.
Type combination, from 11% in the earlier period to 24% in the more recent period.11 Effect of novel immunosuppressive drugs The continuing evolution of pharmacologic immunosuppression with the introduction of novel immunosuppressive drugs for the maintenance of allograft function carries with it the potential to influence the risk for CMV disease in transplant recipients. Among the agents introduced in recent years are sirolimus, everolimus not commercially available in the U.S. ; , daclizumab, basiliximab, and alemtuzumab. Sirolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that exerts its immunosuppressant activity by binding to the FK binding protein-12; hence, it blocks cell-cycle progression, as does tacrolimus.12 In contrast to tacrolimus, sirolimus inhibits the cell-cycle progression at a later stage sirolimus inhibits progression from the G1 to the S phase ; . Contrasting data currently exist with regard to the ability of sirolimus to influence CMV infection and disease. In one randomized open-label study of 83 first cadaveric kidney recipients, the incidence of CMV infection was not significantly different between patients who received sirolimus 14% ; and those who received cyclosporine 12% ; , when combined with azathioprine and corticosteroids.13 In a second study of 78 first cadaveric kidney recipients who received either sirolimus or cyclosporine in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids, the rate of CMV infection at one year after transplant was significantly lower in patients treated with sirolimus 5% ; than in patients treated with cyclosporine 21% ; .14 The reduction in the incidence of CMV has also been observed with the clinical use of everolimus, a novel immunosuppressive drug derivative of sirolimus. 14 In a randomized double-blind study of 634 heart.
Full text chronopharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: occurrence and propafenone.
D. Mortensen, Research Laboratory C, Department of Renal Medicine C, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University hospital, Denmark Calcineurin inhibitory capacity of cyclosporine and tacrolimus, \"in vivo\", \"ex vivo\" and \"in vitro\" A. Lhmus, Tartu University Hospital, Estonia Risk Factors For Short-Term Graft Survival In Kidney Transplant Patients Of Estonia A. Navarro, Freeman Hospital, Dept. of Transplant Surgery, United Kingdom The Relevance of Pre-Arrest Acute Renal Failure to Renal Transplant Function in Category III Non-heart-beating Donors. J. Savikko, Freeman Hospital, Dept. of Transplant Surgery, United Kingdom Sirolimus Attenuates Chronic Allograft Nephropathy In An Experimental Rat Kidney Transplantation Model.
You will receive an immunosuppressant named daclizumab, 1mg kg of body weight, given into the vein, before transplantation and then every 14 days, over 2 months, for a total of 5 doses. The dosage of this medication during induction is comparable to that used for other transplants, such as kidney or liver. If and when you undergo a second or third islet cell transplant another course of daclizumab infusions will be recommenced. 2. Tacrolimux Prograf and rythmol.
Fig. 1. Tacolimus dose mg day ; and trough level ng ml ; in both groups throughout the study.
1. Conventional amphotericin B is considered first line therapy for presumed and documented fungal infections including Aspergillosis. 2. Lipid amphotericin B should be reserved for treatment of presumed or documented fungal infections in patients who meet 1 of the following criteria: A. Patients with severe pre-existing renal dysfunction not end-stage renal disease ; defined as: 1. Serum Creatinine 2.5 mg dL 2. Serum Creatinine 2.0 mg dL and on other nephrotoxic drugs defined as cyclosporine, aminoglycosides, tacrolimus FK506 ; not vancomycin ; 3. Estimated creatinine clearance CrCL ; 40 mL min 4. Estimated CrCL 50 mL min and on other nephrotoxic drugs B. Patients who develop renal dysfunction on conventional amphotericin B defined as: 1. Serum Creatinine 2.5 mg dL 2. Serum Creatinine 2.0 mg dL and on other nephrotoxic drugs 3. Estimated CrCL 40 mL min 4. Estimated CrCL 50 mL min and on other nephrotoxic drugs 5. Decline in estimated CrCL 50% since conventional amphotericin B therapy was started C. Patient has had prior renal failure during previous hospitalization within the past year while receiving conventional amphotericin B. D. Failure of conventional amphotericin B therapy. Failure is defined as a new fungal lesion that forms while receiving therapy, an existing fungal lesion that increases in size while receiving therapy, or persistent positive fungal cultures while receiving therapy and pyrazinamide.
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Professor Michael Keighley is Chairman of the United European Gastroenterology Week UEGW ; Public Affairs Committee and a member of the UEGW Council, representing the European Chapter of the International Society of Digestive Surgery. He is Chairman of the Public Affairs and Ethics Committee of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland and is Barling Professor and Head of the Department of Surgery at the University of Birmingham. Professor Keighley has served as Distinguished Visiting Professor at several universities and hospitals, including Penman Memorial Visiting Professor, University of Cape Town 1991 Sir Alan Parks Visiting Professor, St Mark's Hospital, London 1995 Montefiore Medical Centre, New York 1999 and the University of Padua 2000 ; . He has served as co-editor of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Clinical Gastroenterology: Crohn's Disease and is co-author of Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon. Professor Keighley trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School and was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1972. He became Master of Surgery in 1976, specializing in coloproctology.
Patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation from an unrelated or family donor ; are at risk for infections until all immunosuppressive medications have been stopped and the patient is free of active chronic GVHD graft versus host disease ; . Immunosuppressive medications include cyclosporine Neoral ; , tacrolimus FK-506 ; , prednisone, thalidomide, Imuran, Rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil MMF, CellCept ; and interferon. Use of herbals or botanicals must be discussed with the attending and infectious disease physicians. If vitamin and mineral supplementation above the Dietary Reference Intake is desired, consult with both your physician and dietitian and seroquel.
3. Birk PE, Gill JS, Blydt-Hansen TD, Ogborn MR, Gartner JG, Gibson, IW. Image analysis measurement of interstitial fibrosis in pediatric protocol renal allograft biopsies. Submitted to Kidney Int, 2006. Abstracts 2005-2006 ; Dr. Patricia Birk 1. Goldberg AM, Gibson IW, Birk PE, Ogborn MR, Blydt-Hansen TD. Immunosuppression With Azathioprine And Prednisone Improves Proteinuria In Children With IgA Nephropathy. Canadian Society of Nephrology, Calgary, 2005. 2. Goldberg AM, Gibson IW, Birk PE, Ogborn MR and Blydt-Hansen TD. Immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone improves proteinuria in children with IgA nephropathy. 38th American Society of Nephrology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 2005 3. Birk PE. The pediatric renal allograft-monitoring program at the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg. Canadian Society of Transplantation Annual Scientific Meeting Pediatric Forum ; , Banff, AB, 2005. 4. Birk PE, Gibson IW, Gartner JG, Ogborn MR, Pederson KL, Blydt-Hansen TD. Utility of followup biopsies for monitoring the treatment of acute rejection in pediatric renal allograft recipients Presentation ; . Canadian Society of Transplantation Annual Scientific Meeting, Banff, AB March 2005; American Transplant Congress Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, May 2005; Banff International Conference on Renal Allograft Pathology, Edmonton, AB, July 2005. 5. Birk PE and Gibson IW. Chronic allograft nephropathy grades in sequential protocol biopsies. Eighth Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology, Edmonton, AB, July 2005 6. Birk PE, Gibson IW, Gartner JG, Ogborn MR, Pederson KL, Blydt-Hansen TD. Utility of followup biopsies for monitoring the treatment of acute rejection in pediatric renal allograft recipients Platform presentation ; . International Pediatric Transplant Association Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, August 2005 7. Blydt-Hansen TD, Birk PE, Forte P. Sirolimus trough monitoring in pediatric renal transplant recipients treated with 12-hourly dosing of sirolimus and tacrolimus: good reproducibility and correlation with AUC Mini-oral presentation ; . International Pediatric Transplant Association Congress, Innsbruck, Austria, August 2005 8. Blydt-Hansen TD, Birk PE, Forte P. Sirolimus Trough Monitoring in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with 12-Hourly Dosing of Sirolimus and Tacrolimus: Good Reproducibility and Correlation with AUC. 38th American Society of Nephrology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 2005 9. Birk PE. Lessons learned from a pediatric protocol biopsy program. Transplant Surgery Rounds, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, May 2006 Invited Lectures and Presentations 2005-2006 ; Dr. Patricia Birk 1. Birk PE. The pediatric renal allograft monitoring program at the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg. Canadian Society of Transplantation Annual Scientific Meeting Pediatric Forum ; , Banff, AB, March 20, 2005 2. Birk PE and Gibson IW. Chronic allograft nephropathy grades in sequential protocol biopsies. Eighth Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology, Edmonton, AB, July 18, 2005. 3. Birk PE. Lessons learned from a pediatric protocol biopsy program. Transplant Surgry Rounds, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, May 24, 2006 Peer Reviewed Publications 2005-2006 ; Dr. Tom Blydt-Hansen Wicklow BA, Ogborn MR, Gibson IW, Blydt-Hansen TD, Biopsy-proven acute tubular necrosis in a child attributed to vancomycin intoxication. Pediatr Nephrol in press ; , 2006. Knoll G, Cockfield S, Blydt-Hansen T, Baran D, Kiberd B, Landsberg D, Rush D and Cole E for the Kidney Transplant Working Group of the Canadian Society of Transplantation. Eligibility for kidney transplantation in Canada. CMAJ; 173 10 ; : S1-25.
However, it is still a good idea to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking!
Should be refilled with at least 120ml and taken immediately, to ensure the total dose is taken. Do not mix with any other liquids. A self-medication programme is in operation on the Transplant Unit and all suitable patients are encouraged to self-medicate soon after transplantation in preparation for discharge. The pharmacist undertakes to counsel all transplant patients on their medication and provide patient information leaflets on the medicines commonly prescribed. Cost In primary care the cost, per patient per year, for sirolimus in combination with tcrolimus and prednisolone is 4529 approximately. In primary care the cost, per patient per year, for sirolimus with prednisolone is 2029 approximately. Adverse Effects As with all immunosuppressants sirolimus increases susceptibility to infection. Additionally vaccinations may not give full protection against disease and live vaccines need to be avoided. The most common 10% incidence ; side effects Lymphocele Hyperlipidaemia Anaemia Diarrhoea Arthralgia Lactic dehydrogenase Peripheral oedema Tachycardia Abdominal pain Hypokalaemia Thrombocytopenia Acne Urinary tract infection!
What is An Anti-Rejection Medicine? Rejection is the body's natural response against the transplanted kidney. The anti-rejection medications prevent the immune system from working against the kidney. In the event of a rejection episode, more powerful medications may be required. This may require a stay in the hospital. If the rejection cannot be reversed, you will return to dialysis. Usually, you can go back on the transplant list, if desired. If you have not been compliant with your medications, re-transplantation may not be an option. What are the Anti-Rejection Medicines? CELLCEPT mycophenolate mofetil ; CELLCEPT fights rejection by decreasing the number of white blood cells the immune system produces. GENGRAF, NEORAL cyclosporine microemulsion ; GENGRAF is used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ. It is used for long-term perhaps lifetime ; immunosuppression. PROGRAF tafrolimus ; PROGRAF is prescribed to prevent or treat organ rejection in people who have received kidney transplants. It is used for long-term perhaps lifetime ; immunosuppression. DELTASONE prednisone ; DELTASONE is a corticosteroid that helps prevent and treat rejection of transplanted organs. It will be used for long-term perhaps lifetime ; immunosuppression or, in higher doses, for treatment of rejection. RAPAMUNE sirolimus ; RAPAMUNE is used to prevent or treat organ rejection in people that have received a transplant. It is used for long-term perhaps lifetime ; immunosuppression. These medications can be very expensive, as much as $2, 500 a month. These medications are strong and like all medicines, have side effects. Anti-rejection medications are started at higher doses because the chance of rejection is greater the first three months after transplant. Gradually, the doses decrease and the chance of side effects lessens.
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Abstract Title Is Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting? The Merci L5 Retriever in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Multi MERCI Part 1 Outcomes Synchronous Carotid Stenting and Heart Surgery Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenoses Has Dalteparin Any Advantage over Unfractionated Heparin During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris? The Results of Multicentric Randomized Study Is Bivalirudin Monotherapy Sufficient For Diabetic Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome ACS ; Undergoing PCI? Impact of Bivalirudin on Long-Term Outcomes Following PCI with Drug-Eluting Stents in Real World Clinical Practice Novel Tissue Factor Factor VIIa Inhibitor Reduces Ischemia in Patients with nSTE-ACS: Results of the Dose-Ranging and Heparin De-Escalation Phases of the ANTHEM-TIMI 32 Trial Stent Fracture, an Incidental Finding or a Significant Marker of Clinical In-Stent Restenosis? In Vivo Performance of a Novel Co-Polymer System for Extended Release of Zotarolimus in a Second Generation Drug Eluting Stent One-Year Follow Up of the Use of EXCEL; , a New Sirolimus-Eluting Stent, with Biodegradable Polymer, in Real World Cases MEDISTRA Medistra Excel Drug-elutIng STent TRiAl ; Sirolimus-Eluting, Bioabsorbable Polymer-Coated Constant Stent CuraTM ; in Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction- A Clinical and Angiographic Study Outcomes in Elderly Patients Undergoing PCI Treated with Bivalirudin Monotherapy versus Glycoprotein IIb IIIa Inhibitors with Heparin or LMWH: Results from the Randomized ACUITY trial Migraine Headache Relief After Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Interatrial Communications Incidence and Predictors of Angiographic Stent Thrombosis in Patients Treated with Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation for ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction A Multicenter Study On The Clinical Characteristics And The Independent Predictors Of Stent Thrombosis After Successful DES Implantation In Korea Improvement in Survival following Successful Angioplasty of Coronary CTO: Variability by Target Vessel The Impact of Multivessel Disease on Long-Term Mortality in Patients with ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction is due to the Presence of a Chronic Total Occlusion DES for the Treatment of CTO: A Comparison of Serial Angiographic Follow-Up with Sirolimus, Paclitaxel, Zotarolimus and Tacrolimus-Eluting Stent: Multicenter Registry in Asia Development of Forward-Viewing Functional Optical Coherence Tomography for Imaging of CTO.
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UK ; . The stimuli were also delivered by the same stimulator and in the identical way as used for phasic nerve stimulation. In some instances, compound responses were also recorded, containing action potentials of probably less than five muscle fibers. Application of tacrolimus FK506 ; , CsA, or rapamycin. Tcarolimus Prograf, Fujisawa, Ireland ; was diluted in saline and injected subcutaneously to rats in a dose of 2 mg kg body weight once per day for 8 d. CsA Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland ; was applied in a dose of 50 mg kg by one daily injection subcutaneously for 8 d. Rapamycin LC Laboratories, Woburn, MA ; was dissolved in 10% ethanol and 2% carboxymethylcellulose and injected subcutaneously once a day in a dose of 1.5 mg kg for 8 d. In separate groups of rats, denervation alone or in combination with the application of tacrolimus or CsA was performed. In the control group, the soleus and EDL muscles were denervated for 8 d as described above. In the second group, 8 d denervation treatment was combined with application of 2 mg kg body weight of tacrolimus or 50 mg kg CsA during the last 5 d of the denervation period. Contralateral nondenervated muscles served as controls. RNA isolation, Northern blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The soleus and EDL muscles were isolated and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen. In the slow soleus muscles and in the fast sternomastoid STM ; but not the EDL ; muscles, neuromuscular junctions are located in a rather narrow band across the muscle belly. Therefore, in some experiments, a few millimeters broad region of muscle around the intramuscular nerve branches, which can be visualized under the microscope, was excised in the two muscles, so that the extrajunctional regions were studied separately. Control experiments, in which the neuromuscular junctions were visualized by a histochemical reaction for AChE, confirmed that in this way the region containing the junctions could be reliably separated from the extrajunctional regions in these muscles. For Northern blot analysis, samples were pooled from three animals, pulverized in a mortar chilled by liquid nitrogen, and briefly homogenized in a denaturing solution by an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. Total RNA was isolated, and Northern blot analysis of AChE mRNA levels was performed as described previously Pregelj et al., 2003 ; . The autoradiograms were quantified densitometrically using an MCID M4 image analyzer Imaging Research, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada ; . The results were normalized to the rRNA level in the sample and expressed as the percentage of the AChE mRNA level in the normal EDL muscle. For quantitative real-time RT ; -PCR analysis, total RNA was isolated from each isolated muscle with TRIzol reagent Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA ; according to the instructions of the supplier. For each sample, 1 g of total RNA was reverse transcribed in a 50 the reaction mixture using a High Capacity cDNA Archive kit Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA ; . After the initial step at room temperature for 10 min, reverse transcription was performed at 37C for 2 h. Gene-specific primers and probes were available as TaqMan Gene expression assays Applied Biosystems ; . Assay Rn00596883 m1 exon 3 4 boundary ; was used for AChE. The 18S rRNA part number 4319413E ; was used as an internal control. For AChE, the minor groove binder probe was labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein reporter dye, and for 18S rRNA the minor groove binder probe was labeled with VIC reporter dye. Quantitative PCR reactions for AChE were performed with undiluted cDNA samples and with 400 times diluted cDNA samples for 18S rRNA. The RT-PCR reaction was performed on a 7500 Real-Time PCR System Applied Biosystems ; in 20 l the reaction mixture containing 1 TaqMan Universal Master Mix Applied Biosystems ; , 1 Gene Expression Assay mix, and 2 l of sample cDNA as a template. Ninety-six-well optical reaction plates, covered by optical adhesive covers Applied Biosystems ; , were used. Initial raw data analysis was performed using the Sequence Detection Software version 1.3.1. Relative mRNA levels were calculated by the ddCT method, which is described in the Applied Biosystems User Bulletin Number 2 P N 4303859 ; . The AChE mRNA levels were normalized to 18S rRNA levels. Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis of the data were performed with a personal computer using the Excel Microsoft, Seattle, WA ; program. The average and SD for each experimental group was calculated, and then the differences between the groups were compared with the Stu.
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