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Medicine to be the most be -blocker.
2 ADRENOCEPTOR AGONISTS Examples Salbutamol Ventolin ; short-acting & Salmteerol Serevent ; long-acting * Mechanism Stimulation of airway 2 adrenoceptors causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and stabilises mast cells. Administration Can be given by inhalation, nebulisation, orally tab and liquid ; and iv. Note high-first pass metabolism of oral 2 agonists eg 4mg salbutamol tab vs. single MDI puff of 100 m g ; reflecting extensive sulphation in the gut wall. Side effects.
1. Weiss KB, Gergen PJ, Crain EF. Inner-city asthma: the epidemiology of an emerging US public health concern. Chest. 1992; 101 suppl ; : 362S-367S. 2. Evans R III. Asthma among minority children: a growing problem. Chest. 1992; 92 suppl ; : 368S-371S. 3. Weitzman M, Gortmaker S, Sobol A. Racial, social, and environmental risks for childhood asthma. AJDC. 1990; 144: 1189-1194. Halfon N, Newacheck PW. Childhood asthma and poverty: differential impacts and utilization of health services. Pediatrics. 1993; 91: 56-61. Wissow LS, Gittelsohn AM, Szklo M, Starfield B, Mussman M. Poverty, race, and hospitalization for childhood asthma. J Public Health. 1988; 78: 777-782. Bosco LA, Gerstman BB, Tomita DK. Variations in the use of medication for the treatment of childhood asthma in the Michigan Medicaid population, 19801986. Chest. 1993; 104: 1727-1733. Simons FE. A comparison of beclomethasone, salmeterol, and placebo in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1659-1665. Eigen H, Reid JJ, Dahl R, et al. Evaluation of the addition of cromolyn sodium to bronchodilator maintenance therapy in the long-term management of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987; 80: 612-621. Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, et al. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14year-old children. JAMA. 1998; 279: 1181-1186. Van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Waalkens HJ, et al. Effects of 22 months of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and or beta-2-agonists on lung function, airway responsiveness, and symptoms in children with asthma. Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146: 547-554. Felt-Lisk S, Yang S. Changes in health plans serving Medicaid, 1993-1996. Health Aff Millwood ; . 1997; 16 5 ; : 125-133. 12. Mauldon J, Leibowitz A, Buchanan JL, Damberg C, McGuigan KA. Rationing or rationalizing children's medical care: comparison of a Medicaid HMO with feefor-service care. J Public Health. 1994; 84: 899-904. Valdez RB, Ware JE, Manning WG, et al. Prepaid group practice effects on the utilization of medical services and health outcomes for children: results from a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1989; 83: 168-180. Ireys HT, Anderson GF, Shaffer TJ, Neff JM. Expenditures for care of children with chronic illnesses enrolled in the Washington State Medicaid program, fiscal year 1993. Pediatrics. 1997; 100: 197-204. Weissman JS, Gastonis C, Epstein AE. Rates of avoidable hospitalization by insurance status in Massachusetts and Maryland. JAMA. 1992; 268: 23882394. Lozano P, Connell FA, Koepsell TD. Use of health services by African-American children with asthma on Medicaid. JAMA. 1995; 274: 469-473. Blixen CE, Havstad S, Tilley BC, Zoratti E. A comparison of asthma-related healthcare use between African-Americans and Caucasians belonging to a health maintenance organization HMO ; . J Asthma. 1999; 36: 195-204. Platt R. Harvard Community Health Plan. In: Strom BL, ed. Pharmacoepidemiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1994: 277-287. 19. Barnett GO, Justice N, Somand M. COSTAR: a computer based medical information system for ambulatory care. Proc IEEE. 1979; 67: 1226-1237.
Natural aging. Cataract surgery also produces plano presbyopes when the postoperative target selected is for distance viewing in both eyes. Whether naturally occurring or due to surgical procedures, plano presbyopes comprise a growing portion of the population. These patients are accustomed to excellent vision without correction and are less tolerant of spectacles or contact lenses. EFFICACY All patients achieved improved uncorrected near vision after CK treatment that continued during the 12 months of this study. The achieved efficacy of J3 or better near UCVA in 100% of patients with 90% of patients reading J1 was accomplished while maintaining binocular distance UCVA of 20 100% of patients at 1-year follow-up. PREDICTABILITY AND STABILITY An overcorrection was initially observed following CK treatment. This overcorrection was reduced by early hyperopic regression. The rate of regression decreased between 3 months and 1 year after surgery. One hundred percent of eyes were within 0.75 D, 90% of eyes were within 0.50 D, and 60% of eyes were within 0.25 D of intended correction. Pallikaris et al3 reported that CK for low to moderate hyperopia had demonstrated more stable results than PRK and similar stability as LASIK for hyperopic correction. McDonald et al4 reported the MRSE changed 0.05 D in 89% of eyes between 3 and 6 months postoperatively in the CK presbyopia FDA clinical trials. The stability of CK for the correction of presbyopia should be similar to CK for the correction of hyperopia but longer follow-up is needed to further characterize the refractive stability of CK for presbyopia. SAFETY No intra- or postoperative complications occurred in this study. No eyes lost lines of BSCVA. No eyes had an increase in cylinder 0.50 D 1 year following surgery. Conductive keratoplasty for presbyopia appears to be a safe procedure. PATIENT SELECTION EXPECTATIONS Patient selection involves setting realistic patient expectations. The patient must realize that vision for "daily life" is the goal of this procedure. In other words, the patient will need to accept a functional vision surgical endpoint and the likelihood of needing reading glasses for detailed work. Patients must be screened regarding their occupation and or hobbies, for these must be compatible with monovision. Patients must also be, for example, the salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial.
Salmeterol is a long-acting 2-agonist with a prolonged duration of action that provides sustained bronchodilation in patients with asthma via an interaction with 2-adrenoceptors located on bronchial smooth muscle.
Examples of drugs which can sometimes cause insomnia: alcohol, amantadine, atenolol, bupropion, caffeine, clonidine, corticosteroids, daunorubicin, decongestants, dextroamphetamine, diuretics, felbamate, fluoxetine, flutamide, goserelin, interferon, ipratropium, lamotrigine, leuprolide, levodopa, medroxyprogesterone, methyldopa, methylphenidate, nicotine, oral contraceptives, pemoline, phenylephrine, phenytoin, pindolol, progesterone, propranolol, pseudoephedrine, quinidine, reserpine, salbutamol, salmeterol, selegiline, SSRI's eg. fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline ; , terbutaline, theophylline, thyroid hormones & venlafaxine and fluticasone.
For most tissues, antibiotic drug concentrations in the serum or plasma approximate the drug concentration in the extracellular space interstitial fluid ; . This is because there is no barrier that impedes drug diffusion from the vascular compartment to extracellular tissue fluid.12 Pores fenestrations.
Shapiro and colleagues conducted a 12-week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare asthma treatments delivered in dry-powder form through the Diskus device. They compared the efficacy and safety of salmeterol plus fluticasone with the efficacy and safety of fluticasone and salmeterol alone in patients previously treated with low to medium doses of inhaled corticosteroids. Study participants were required to have an increase in FEV1 of more than 15% at 30 minutes after two puffs of inhaled albuterol, 180 g, and to have received inhaled corticosteroids continuously for at least 12 weeks before the study. Eligible patients entered a 2-week, single-blind, placebo-controlled screening period, during which the investigators evaluated patients' eligibility, assessed adherence to therapy, obtained baseline data, and confirmed asthma stability. PaAnn Intern Med. 2000; 133: 360-366. For author affiliations and current addresses, see end of text and advil.
54. Garbe E, Suissa S, LeLorier J. Association of inhaled corticosteroid use with cataract extraction in elderly patients. JAMA 1998; 280 6 ; : 539543. 55. Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med 1995; 332 13 ; : 868875. 56. Busse WW, Chervinsky P, Condemi J, Lumry WR, Petty TL, Rennard S. Budesonide delivered by Turbuhaler is effective in a dosedependent fashion when used in the treatment of adultpatients with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101 4 Pt 1 ; 457463. 57. Pederson S, Hansen OR. Budesonide treatment of moderate and severe asthma in children: a dose response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95 1 Pt 1 ; 2933. 58. Inman MD, Watson RM, Rerechich T, Gauvreau GM, Lutsky BN, Stryszak P, O'Byrne PM. Dose-dependent effects of inhaled mometasone furoate on airway function and inflammation after allergen inhalation challenge. J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 4 ; : 569574. 59. Swystun VA, Bhagat R, Kalra S, Jennings B, Cockcroft DW. Comparison of 3 different doses of budesonide and placebo on the early asthmatic response to inhaled allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 Sep; 102 3 ; : 363367. 60. Jatakanon A, Kharitonov S, Lim, S Barnes PJ. Effect of differing dose of inhaled budesonide on markers of airway inflammation in patients with mild asthma. Thorax 1999; 54 2 ; : 108114. 61. Holt S, Suder A, Weatherall M, Cheng S, Shirtcliffe P, Beasley R. Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323 7307 ; : 253256. 62. Malmstrom K, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Guerra J, Villaran C, Pineiro A, Wei LX, et al. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. Montelukast Beclomethasone Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130 6 ; : 487495. 63. Chan MT, Leung DY, Szefler SJ, Spahn JD. Difficult-to-control asthma: clinical characteristics of steroid-insensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101 5 ; : 594601. 64. Kerrebijn KF, van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Neijens HJ. Effect of longterm treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and -agonists on the bronchial responsiveness in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79 4 ; : 653659. 65. Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, King TS, Boushey HA, Cherniack RM, Chinchilli VM, et al. Significant variability in response to inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109 3 ; : 410418. 66. Verberne AA, Frost C, Duiverman EJ, Grol MH, Kerrebijn KF, and the Dutch Paediatric Asthma Study Group. Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethsone in children with asthma. J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158 1 ; : 213219.
Salmeterol fluticasone propionate accuhaler
Vehicle for the administration of other drugs Correction of hypovolaemia trauma, surgery, anaesthesia. ; 500 ml and 1000 ml bottles or bags Also comes in 2 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml, or 50 ml ampoules and theophylline.
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Steroids have varying strengths and are prescribed to a patient accordingly. The strength and dosage will depend on degree of lesion and therapeutic response. Steroids should be discontinued in a stepdown pattern. A sudden stop in these medications can lead to a relapse and albenza.
Agonists developed originally by glaxo group research ltd uk salmeterol is n- substituent of salbutamol.
Reminder from the MHRA: Salm3terol Serevent ; and formoterol Oxis, Foradil ; in asthma management Patients taking long-acting beta2 agonists should also be taking inhaled steroids, and should be monitored closely for therapeutic response in the early months of treatment. Prescribers were previously reminded to follow the British Thoracic Society BTS ; guidelines for the treatment of asthma. The final results from the Salmete5ol MultiCentre Asthma Research Trial SMART ; , conducted in the United States, showed that patients who did not use inhaled corticosteroids with salmeterol had a higher incidence of asthma-related adverse events than patients who did use inhaled corticosteroids with salmeterol, particularly African-American patients. The main findings of the SMART study for the primary endpoint of combined respiratory-related death or life threatening experience are summarised in the table below. It is not possible to rule out similar concerns for formoterol. It is not clear if underlying genetic variations are responsible for the differences observed between African-American and Caucasian patients, in this study and whether these results are relevant to the UK population. Prescribers are reminded that: patients given salmeterol or formoterol in asthma should always be prescribed an inhaled corticosteroid patients with acutely deteriorating asthma should not be initiated on salmeterol or formoterol patients should be monitored closely during the first 3 months of treatment. Recent changes to the ST Foundation Trust Formulary Perindopril--has been approved only for use by Dr John Scott in his stroke patients Olmesartan--has been approved only for use by Dr Wahid in out-patient clinics. The prescriptions must be signed by Dr Wahid and irbesartan must have been tried first. To confirm that simvastatin is still the first line statin and Dr Rogers is going to write to all hospital doctors to confirm this. New recommendation for nebulised salbutamol dose: Following a recent study Chest. 2005; 128: 48-54 ; it was found that there was no significant difference in outcomes including length of hospital stay or recovery of lung function between patients treated with regular 2.5 mg vs 5 mg of nebulised salbutamol in acute exacerbations of COPD. This has been endorsed by Dr Bone and the ARRAS team. Patients should be prescribed 2.5mg rather than 5mg. They also feel that the 2.5mg dose is appropriate for most asthma patients too and albendazole.
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Fluticasone Propionate Advair Diskus Ssalmeterol Xinafoate Code 1: Restricted to persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroid alone unless prescribed by allergist, immunologist or pulmonologist. Triamcinolone Acetonide Azmacort!
The relationship between dosage of phenothiazine and protection against DMBA induced adrenal necrosis is given in Table 4. Virtual full protection was obtained at and spironolactone!
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| Track so if we needed the stove or oven we could plan ahead to avoid conflict with the outpatient study at our satellite. The Light at the End of the Tunnel: We changed our food production method so all trays needDealing with Construction and Renovations ing to be served before 3 were prepared the previous day and all trays served after 3 were prepared that Ashley Coyne, RD same day. After trays were assembled in the temporary Brigham and Women's galley in the adjacent building they were delivered to the new galley on the 9th floor of the main hospital. Here they There were some major renovations this year at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. The entire GCRC inpa- were checked for accuracy and stored until served to the patients on the 9th and 15th floors. Although the buildings tient area and kitchen were completely renovated due to nd th the hospital acquiring some of our precious space to install connected our galleys on the 2 and 5 floors we could only transport food via the basement using service elevaa CT scanner. In the process we had to seek temporary tors. To do this we purchased a cold food cart and ice pack quarters for our inpatients, our inpatient research kitchen, storage immediately after assembly and for delivery three offices including our own ; , and our food holding gal- for tray th ley and food storage closet. Construction began while the to the 9 floor. The cart would begin its cycle every after-th noon upon completion of tray assembly, going from the 8 GCRC was closed for the holidays of 2001. When we reth floor of the adjacent building, down to the basement, opened in January 2002, our office, located on the 9 floor th of the main hospital, was a closet with a two-person maxi- through a maze of corridors, up to the 9 floor galley for th storage, and then back through the basement up to the 8 mum capacity. Some of our inpatients were relocated to beds on the 15th floor while some remained on the 9th floor floor galley before work could begin the following day. in a unit that was not undergoing renovation. Our research Each trip took anywhere from 20 minutes to almost an hour. Sometimes the cart would not be able to hold all the kitchen and food storage closet no longer existed. trays and two trips were required. Meeting this logistical challenge required a whole new apFeeding times needed to be altered as well. When patients proach to our research diet procurement, production, and distribution system. Our inpatient census during renovation needed their meal we used the microwave to heat the food and used an enclosed cart to bring the tray up to the 15th was reduced to five beds on the 9th floor and two to four th floor to serve the patient. Before construction we simply beds on the 15 floor, depending on the day of the week. carried the tray down the hall as soon as the patient needed to eat. The new system increased and varied the The first issue to be addressed in the renovation project time we could reach the patient, so our timeliness dewas a food galley. Since the hospital was taking ours, a creased. Communication was a key factor, as our staff was new galley was built on the same floor prior to any condispersed in up to different locations. We needed to keep struction. This was a necessity in order to maintain the ability to feed patients. This galley was used to hold patient track of where people were coming and going. Beepers, telephones, and systems timing were key to this. trays and serve as a distribution point for patients on both.
Method Results Conclusions treatment. Baseline respiratory parameters such as oxygen saturations, respiratory rates, and peak flow rates were measured and repeated after every treatment. The decision for further treatments and or hospitalizations was made by the treating ED physician as per clinical judgment of the respiratory parameters at the end of three treatments. Results: 70 patients completed the study. Most of the patients were in moderate severity. All patients showed improvement in oxygen saturations, respiratory rates, and peak flow rates. No statistically significant difference was observed in the two groups regarding the respiratory parameters P 0.05 ; . Conclusion: Levalbuterol is not more efficacious than racemic albuterol in improving respiratory parameters in children presenting with acute exacerbation of asthma. Method: Patients suffering from persistent asthma defined as pre-bronchodilator FEV1 60% of predicted value and insufficiently controlled on a fixed association therapy of fluticasone salmetsrol or budesonide formoterol were given montelukast 10mg daily as add-on therapy. Asthma control was assessed by the standardized Juniper Asthma Control Questionnaire ACQ ; at baseline and after a two-month treatment with montelukast. Results: 49% of patients received inhaled fluticasone salmeetrol and the rest budesonide formoterol. Mean ACQ score decreased significantly on montelukast 13.9 + - 5.1 at baseline versus 7.4 + - 4.7 on montelukast, p 0.001 ; , with a significant improvement in all individual symptom scores p 0.001 ; and in pre-bronchodilator FEV1 score from 2.2 + - 1.5 to 1.6 + - 1.4; p 0.001 ; . Parallel to these results, 78.6% of the patients reported a global improvement of their asthma. Conclusion: The study suggests that addition of montelukast in patients symptomatic on a fixedassociation of an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta II agonist may result in significant improvements in asthma control. Method: Zafirlukast were given in doses of 20mg every 12 hours during 12 weeks. Laboratory studies were conducted before and after treatment for hematic, renal and hepatic functions as well as allergy consultation at four, eight, and 12 weeks of treatment to determine clinical evolution, appearance of adverse events, and the use of other asthmatic medications. Results: 88% of the children improved clinically. The patients decreased the use of oral steroids and only four adverse reactions were noted. Conclusion: The study suggested that preventative treatment with zafirlukast is useful and well tolerated and panadol and salmeterol.
The drug didn' t treat the autism itself.
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11. Nelson HS, Szefler SJ, Martin RJ. Regular inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of bronchial asthma: beneficial or detrimental? Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 249-250. American Academy of Allergy and Immunology. Inhaled 2-adrenergic agonists in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 12341236. Ziment I. Beta-adrenergic agonist toxicity: less of a problem, more of a perception. Chest 1993; 103: 1591-1597. Devoy MAB, Fuller RW, Palmer JBD. Are there any detrimental effects of the use of inhaled long-acting 2-agonists in the treatment of asthma? Chest 1995; 107: 1116-1124. Wanner A. Is the routine use of inhaled -adrenergic agonists appropriate in asthma treatment? Yes J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 597-599. MaFadden ER. Perspectives in 2-agonists therapy: vox clamantis in deserto vel lux in tenebris? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 641-650. AAAAI. Committee on Drugs. Safety and appropriate use of salmetegol in the treatment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 475-480. Ernst P Long acting 2 agonists and the risk of life threatening . asthma. Thorax 1998; 53: 1-2. Faurschou P Steffensen I, Jacques L. Effect of addition of inha, led salmeterol to the treatment of moderate-to-severe asthmatics uncontrolled on high-dose inhaled steroids. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 1885-1890. Woolcock A, Lundback B, Ringdal N, Jacques LA. Comparison of addition of salmeterol to inhaled steroids with doubling of the dose of inhaled steroids. J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1481-1488. Crane J, Flatt A, Jackson R, Bell M, Pearce N, Burgess C, et al. Prescribed fenoterol and death from asthma in New Zealand, 198183: case-control study. Lancet 1989; i: 917-922. 22. Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P Horwitz RL, Habbick B, Cockcroft , D, et al. The use of -agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 501-506. Burrows B, Lebowitz MD. The -agonist dilema. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 560-561. Staudinger HW, Haas JF. -agonists and death from asthma. Letter ; . N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 355. Gottlieb DJ, Celli BR. -agonists and death from asthma. Letter ; . N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 355. Pearce N, Crane J, Burgess C, Beasley R. -agonists and death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 355-356. Ernst P Habbick B, Suissa S, Hemmelgorn B, Cockcroft D, Buist , AS, et al. Is the association between inhaled beta-agonist use and life-threatening asthma because of confunding by severity? Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 75-79. Suissa S, Ernst P Boivin JF, Horwitz IR, Habbick B, Cockcroft D et al. A cohort analysis of excess mortality in asthma and the use of.
Research in nursing shortages rocephin lung damage gaviscon include elevated salmeterol needed.
070220 References for PS 38 eGFR 1. The National Service Framework for Renal Services. Part Two: Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute renal Failure and End of Life Care. Department of Health. February 2005 2. Levy et al, Ann Int Med 130: 461-469, 1999. DuBois D; DuBois EF: Arch Int Med 17: 863-71, 1916. Cockcroft D, Gault MD. Nephron, 16: 31-41, 1976 Ashley C, Currie A. The Renal Drug Handbook 2nd Edition ; . Oxford: Radcliffe Press 2004 6. How to measure renal function in clinical practice. Jamie Traynor, Robert Mactier, Colin C Geddes and Jonathan G Fox. BMJ 2006; 333; 733-737 : bmj cgi content full 333 7571 733 Units for Reporting Concentrations of Drugs and Poisons 1. Consensus Meeting on Units for Reporting Drug Concentrations ACB News October 2006; 522: 14-15 TOXBASE National Poisons Information Service ; Website : spib.axl 3. Laboratory analyses for poisoned patients: Joint position paper. National Poisons Information Service and Association of Clinical Biochemists. Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39: 328-339.
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D.R. Flower Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1422 1999 ; 207 234 Liggett, Sustained activation of a G protein-coupled receptor via `anchored' agonist binding. Molecular localization of the salmeterol exosite within the 2-adrenergic receptor, J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 ; 24029 24035. R.A. Coleman, M. Johnson, A.T. Nials, C.J. Vardey, Exosites: their current status, and their relevance to the duration of action of long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17 1996 ; 324 330. R.V. Bonnert, R.C. Brown, D. Chapman, D.R. Cheshire, J. Dixon, F. Ince, E.C. Kinchin, A.J. Lyons, A.M. Davis, C. Hallam, S.T. Harper, J. Unitt, I.G. Dougall, D.M. Jackson, K. McKechnie, A. Young, W.T. Simpson, Dual D2 -receptor and L2 -adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of airways diseases, 1. The discovery and biological evaluation of some 7- 2-aminoethyl ; -4-hydroxybenzothiazol-2 3H ; -one analogues, J. Med. Chem., in press. L. Hunyady, T. Balla, K.J. 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